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Table of contents
Is an MTD device a block device or a char device?
First off, an MTD is a 'Memory Technology Device', so it's just 'MTD'. An 'MTDdevice' is a pleonasm. https://emailever348.weebly.com/bridge-constructor-hack-apk-download.html. Of course, at the time of this edit (Thu Aug 4 15:36:10PDT 2011) 'MTD device' was found at least 520 times in the Linux source tree,189 times in the mtd-utils source, and even 119 times in the source for thiswebsite..
Unix traditionally only knew block devices and character devices.Character devices were things like keyboards or mice, that you couldread current data from, but couldn't be seek-ed and didn't have a size.Block devices had a fixed size and could be seek-ed. They also happenedto be organized in blocks of multiple bytes, usually 512.
Flash doesn't match the description of either block or character devices.They behave similar to block device, but have differences. For example,block devices don't distinguish between write and erase operations.Therefore, a special device type to match flash characteristics was created:MTD.
So MTD is neither a block nor a char device. There are translations touse them, as if they were. But those translations are nowhere near theoriginal, just like translated Chinese poems.
I'd like to add/change/fix information on this Web-site - how?
The sources of this Web-site are available at
git://git.infradead.org/mtd-www.git
. Just do your modificationsand send the patch to the MTD mailing list.What are the differences between flash devices and block drives?
The following table describes the differences between block devices andraw flashes. Note, SSD, MMC, eMMC, RS-MMC, SD, mini-SD, micro-SD, USB flashdrive, CompactFlash, MemoryStick, MemoryStick Micro, and other FTL devicesare block devices, not raw flash devices. Of course, hard drives arealso block devices.
Block device | MTD device |
Consists of sectors | Consists of eraseblocks |
Sectors are small (512, 1024 bytes) | Eraseblocks are larger (typically 128KiB) |
Maintains 2 main operations: read sector and write sector | Maintains 3 main operations: read from eraseblock, write to eraseblock, and erase eraseblock |
Bad sectors are re-mapped and hidden by hardware (at least in modern LBA hard drives); in case of FTL devices it is the responsibility of FTL to provide this | Bad eraseblocks are not hidden and should be dealt with in software |
Sectors are devoid of the wear-out property (in FTL devices it is the responsibility of FTL to provide this) | Eraseblocks wear-out and become bad and unusable after about 103 (for MLC NAND) - 105 (NOR, SLC NAND) erase cycles |
So as one sees flashes (MTD devices) are somewhat more difficult to workwith.
Can I mount ext2 over an MTD device?
Ext2, ext3, XFS, JFS, FAT and other 'conventional' file systems work with blockdevices. They are designed this way. Flashes are not block devices, they arevery different beasts. Please, read this,and this FAQ entries.
Please, do not be confused by USB stick, MMC, SD, CompactFlash and other popularremovable devices. Although they are also called 'flash', they are not MTD devices.They are out of MTD subsystem's scope. Please, readthis FAQ entry.
In order to use one of conventional file systems over an MTD device, you need asoftware layer which emulates a block device over the MTD device. These layersare often called Flash Translation Layers (FTLs).
There is an extremely simple FTL layer in Linux MTD subsystem -
mtdblock
. It emulates block devices over MTD devices. There isalso an mtdblock_ro
module which emulates read-only block devices.When you load this module, it creates a block device for each MTD device in thesystem. The block devices are then accessible via /dev/mtdblockX
device nodes.But in many cases using
mtdblock
is a very bad idea because whatit basically does if you change any sector of your mtdblockX device, it readsthe whole corresponding eraseblock into the memory, erases the eraseblock,changes the sector in RAM, and writes the whole eraseblock back. This is verystraightforward. If you have a power failure when the eraseblock is beingerased, you lose all the block device sectors in it. The flash will likelydecay soon because you will wear few eraseblocks out - most probably those oneswhich contain FAT/bitmap/inode table/etc.Unfortunately it is a rather difficult task to create a good FTL layer andnobody still managed to implement one for Linux. But now when we have UBI(see here) it is much easier to do it on top ofUBI.
It makes sense to use
mtdblock_ro
for read-only file systems orread-only mounts. For example, one may use SquashFS as it compresses data quitewell. But think twice before using mtdblock
in read-write mode.And don't try to use it on NAND flash as it is does not handle baderaseblocks.What are the point() and unpoint() functions used for?
Mainly for NOR flash. As long as the flash is only read, itbehaves just like normal memory. The
read()
function for NOR chipsis essentially a memcpy()
. For some purposes the extramemcpy()
is a waste of time, so things can be optimized.So the
point()
function does just that, it returns a pointer tothe raw flash, so callers can operate directly on the flash.But of course, things are a little more complicated than that. NORflash chips can be in several different modes and only when in readmode will the above work. Therefore
point()
also locks the flashchip in addition to returning a pointer. And while locked, writes to the sameflash chips have to wait. So callers have to call unpoint() soon after torelease the chip again.Why do I keep getting errors whenever I try to write to or erase my MTD device?
Some NOR chips power on with all of the eraseblocks in a locked state.The MTD layer doesn't unlock these devices by default. If you are accessingthese devices from user-space, you can use the
flash_unlock
tool tounlock the MTD device(s). If you are using the MTD device as a write-able rootfile-system you will either need to have the boot loader unlock the eraseblocksbefore booting the kernel, or add code to the MTD map driver for your board tounlock them.Some chips that are known to have this behavior:
Manufacturer | Part Number |
Intel | 28FxxxP30 |
GE28F256L30T |
How do I compile the mtd-utils tree?
The MTD and UBI user-space tools are available from the the following gitrepository:
git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git
Source tar balls of the release versions are available from the followingftp directory:
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ftp://ftp.infradead.org/pub/mtd-utils/
To compile, first you have to install libraries the tools depend on. You canfind the information about
mkfs.jffs2
dependencieshere and the the information aboutmkfs.ubifs
dependencieshere.The mtd-utils use an autotools based build system. For the release tar balls,simply run the
configure
script from the mtd-utils root directoryfollowed by make
to build the mtd-utils.If you are working on the mtd-utils git-tree, you have to generate theconfigure script by running the
autogen.sh
script first.How do I report bugs?
First, you need to figure out what you're reporting a bug against. This website(and its accompanying mailing list) supports severalrelated aspects of Linux, from the MTD kernel subsystem to its user-spaceutilities, including the generic MTD and NAND interface layers, several MTDhardware drivers, the UBI volume management system, several flash filesystems(e.g., JFFS2, UBIFS), and the user-space MTD utils.
Now, bug reports for any of the above areas are more than welcome on theMTD mailing list, provided you include sufficientinformation for reproducing and debugging your problem. This means:
- include all kernel 'oopses', stack traces, debug messages, or relevant logs along with a clear description of the problem you're having, what system(s) are affected, and anything else you think might help people understand your issue;
- include information about flash parameters found from '
mtdinfo -a
' (or the less useful info from 'cat /proc/mtd
'); - specify which kernel version you are using;
- specify which mtd-utils version you are using, if applicable. In past releases of mtd-utils, different tools had different versions, so be sure to check the relevant tool (e.g., use '
nanddump --version
' when reporting bugs involving thenanddump
tool); newer releases give the same version to most/all the tools.
Please, do not send private e-mails to MTD maintainers; always CC themailing list!
You may also want to read one of the other related FAQs:
The MTD community may help support the YAFFS/YAFFS2 filesystems; however, YAFFShas its own dedicated website andmailinglist, and its code is not kept in the mainstream Linux kernel tree. Thus,any support you receive here will be limited, and you should contact YAFFSmaintainers with real YAFFS bug reports.
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